WATER thanks Margaret R. Miles for her time and expertise.
We are excited to read her forthcoming book on which this conversation was
based. Beyond the Centaur: Imagining the Intelligent
Body promises to be a significant contribution to the field.
Margaret
spoke of the Centaur, the myth of a man with a human head joined to the body of
a horse. It is a common symbol of the struggle between two natures, the wild
untamed horse and the civilized human being, in this depiction as in most,
male. Body and soul, the lower and higher appetites, are joined but one is
always valued more than the other. In this worldview the rational soul rules.
But there are other ways to look at human experience, namely, to see
intelligent bodies that feel our thoughts and think our feelings. The person
then is undivided. We are intelligent bodies rather than rational minds.
Maxine Sheets-Johnstone
is a philosopher, evolutionary biologist, and dancer who has worked on the
concept of the intelligent body. http://www.dur.ac.uk/ias/fellows/0607/sheetsjohnstone/. There is a certain feminist dimension in that the rational
mind is so clearly gendered as male that women are rarely seen as full human
beings. Women are identified stereotypically with the body, but not typically
with its intelligence.
Rational
thought is difficult, learned activity, not a naturally occurring experience. To represent this, Margaret gave the image of Rodin’s
“The Thinker” whose body she interpreted as tense and strained as he sought to
produce the first thought. Many scholars long to bring life experience into closer
conversation with objects of their study. We are not taught responsible methods
for doing so. Many scholars have no tools for identifying experiences that
drive our interests.
Margaret’s own development toward
this approach emerged out of her work as a hospice volunteer for five years.
She wondered why human beings get thought of as components instead of as a
whole, why the disjunction of rational thought and body is so prominent. Her husband’s dementia with hearing/memory loss
at age 90 was another experience that prompted her to see the whole instead of
parts. And, a personal experience of stress-induced fainting that resulted in
injury gave Margaret a visceral sense of the intelligent body. All of this led
her to ask how we could change the way we conceptualize ourselves so as to enable
us to experience ourselves as intelligent bodies.
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Questions and discussion ensued:
1. One woman wondered how all of this works with people with
atypical bodies.
Margaret replied that thought is a feature of the
intelligent body. Disability, like all perspectives, is a uniquely privileged
perspective. All perspectives are simultaneously privileged and limited.
2. Another speaker talked about Greek/Roman dualisms, citing
Edith Hamilton’s work on myths and how poets have used myths to help us connect
with nature. She asked if once one is a tenured professor that is the time to
bring in one’s own story to one’s academic work, something that younger scholars
are not advised to do.
Margaret acknowledged that she wrote differently after her retirement
from academia though this thought about the intelligent body developed through
her career. The intelligent body joins the rational mind with a real body. She
said that it took her a long time to see this, but considers it the apex of her
intellectual career. (Editor’s note—I think so too!) It is not surprising that
women are working on this given the common female experience of work in the
home especially with children. Margaret observed that perhaps a generation of
young male scholars will see the importance of intelligent bodies too as they
take on more family responsibilities.
3. Margaret was asked if there is an image, sculpture, or painting
that represents this idea.
Margaret cited Rodin’s “The Thinker” as rational thought
coming out of body, and also mentioned his sculpture “She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife.”
4. Another caller asked about personhood, wondering how
asceticism in late antiquity as an intelligent body practice might fit into the
model.
Margaret replied that the idea was not to harm the body, but
to engage the body in overcoming habituation. Asceticism in late antiquity was
mostly gentler forms—people learned to address inhibitions in their prayer
life, to fast, to engage in watchfulness. The idea was to change bodily
practices to de-habituate. For example, three-day fasts can be useful.
Tertullian called fasting a “vacatione”
for the body from the perpetual need to assimilate food.
5. A participant asked about how the ideal of the
intelligent body could be found in ancient goddess religions.
Margaret suggested that from the perspective of the
intelligent body it is a shame that many people cannot embrace religion. They
think religion involves believing as a rational mind, i.e. accepting certain
doctrines and creeds, without understanding how an intelligent body operates. For
example, the concept of the resurrection of the body is often misunderstood
because it is an affirmation of the body now, a commitment to living the
resurrection body now, not of contrasting
an imagined immortal body with the present vulnerable and moribund body.
6. One caller described her own experience of chemotherapy,
foot surgery, and the like with the body knowing what happens, each tendon
teaching the next how to act. The vulnerability of the intelligent body,
integrated with the rational mind is a common experience.
7. The moderator raised the question of how this works with children.
Margaret described teaching her granddaughter to identify
and communicate physical pain. Often when we cannot talk about pain, we act
badly because of it. Carol Gilligan’s work is relevant here. She looked at how
small girls are happy and self-assured but by 15 years of age they are often
anxious and uncertain emotionally. Apparently the culture had taught them that
their bodies are untrustworthy. The onset of menstruation can produce the shocking
sense that one’s body can act in surprising ways and challenge one’s emotional
ability to accept and integrate bodily change. The culture interprets physical experiences
for us so we experience what we are told to experience.
8. Another caller suggested that ecofeminism is a useful umbrella
for conversation about the body. Beauty, the aesthetics of especially young
bodies, invites analysis.
Margaret suggested that we try to think with an intelligent
body rather than a rational mind with components. It is hard to do and requires
practice.
9. One caller underscored the masculine body in sports with
injuries, the glorification of those who go to war, and how people are
beginning to realize that this is not necessarily the best model.
Margaret replied that our dominant images support the
valorization of the male body. She contrasted crucifixion images with their
underlying theology that love is best demonstrated by sacrifice with a host of
medieval images of the nursing Madonna with their theology that love is best
demonstrated by life-giving, and nourishment. A recent article by David Gibson
in Religion News Service, “Christmas’s Missing Icon: Mary Breastfeeding Jesus,”
used Margaret’s 2008 book: The
Secularization of the Breast (University of California Press) to raise the
question of the images we use (Dec. 10, 2012) [http://www.religionnews.com/culture/arts]
His blog (www.commonwealmagazine.org/blog/?p=22283)
drew dozens of heated replies.
Margaret
affirmed that the masculine ideal is so pervasive that it is hard to actually see
it in the culture. She spelled out her ideas of one web doing all we can for the
good of earth, rather than many rational minds that stride in to make
everything ok. Her vision is to get more people into a movement in which each
one thinks of an intelligent body in terms of her/his interest or field. This
is a big idea with lots of ramifications.
Thank you again to Margaret Miles for this stimulating
conversation. We look forward to the book.
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